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<h1>About</h1>
<h2>Tanaka Chirara</h2>
<p>Future location of any important contact information or details about Tanaka</p>
<h2>Dr. Stephan Hubbard</h2>
<p>Maybe a section talking about Dr. Hubbard?</p>
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<h1>Conclusion</h1>
<p>
The results disproves the null hypothesis in the tested configuration. The clean cooking
apparatus does reduce IAP. Therefore, the next step will to be improve the design of the IAP
Reduction Stove so that it best suits the people who need it the most. The next step will be
building a full-scale prototype with the hood and chimney to test the cut and fold patterns
and the minimum gage steel that can be used.
</p>
<p>
After building the prototype it is then installed in a unit dwelling with a steel roof or thatched
roof to determine its usefulness and efficiency in the real world.
</p>
<p>
I will also look for partners to create the units and a website where those who have installed
a unit can upload their experiences and suggested improvements (and their improved layout
patterns). This adopts the highly-successful approach of crowdsourcing, whereby products
are continually improved by their users. This enables the basic approach to be refined for
different climates, cultures and lifestyles. Examples of this include Waze, which collects
traffic data for use by everyone, MacDonalds and Starbucks, who collect user ideas to
improve their products, and the publicly maintained software UNIX operating system,
(Berkeley Standard Distribution - BSD), and its descendent, Linux, which is installed on over
32.8 million systems and on 1.6 billion Android phones worldwide (99 Firms 2022).
</p>
<section>
<img src="images/tanaka_experiment.png" class="floatright" height="300" alt="Stove Testing">
<h2 >BIBILIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES</h2>
<ul class="test3">
<li class="sources">Air pollution data portal. (n.d.). Retrieved 13 February 2022, from
<a class="link" href="https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution" style="color:#276d9e;">
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution</a></li>
<li class="sources">WHO (2002). The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization.</li>
<li class="sources">Rural population (% of total population)—Zimbabwe | Data. (n.d.). Retrieved 13 February 2022, from
<a class="link" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZW" style="color:#276d9e;">
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZW</a></li>
<li class="sources">WHO (2002). The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization.</li>
<li class="sources">H. D. Young, Physics, vol. 1, Addison-Wesly Publishing Company & Inc, 18th edition, 1992 Rohani (the year 2010 )
<a class="link" style="color:#276d9e;" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/">
http://www.sciencedirect.com/</a></li>
<li class="sources">Heat transfer engineering, Naim Afgan, MGS Carvalho and Suzana Prstic (July 2003)
<a class="link" style="color:#276d9e;" href="http://www.researchgate.net/">
http://www.researchgate.net/</a></li>
<li class="sources">Thermoelectric power generator by Joseph W.Harpster(March 2007)
<a class="link" style="color:#276d9e;" href="http://www.britannica.com/">
http://www.britannica.com/</a></li>
<li class="sources">Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting article by D Enescu
<a class="link" style="color:#276d9e;" href="http://www.intechopen.com/">
http://www.intechopen.com/</a></li>
<li class="sources">Adora, Mr. Nikunj; Mehta, Prof Shruti; Shah, Mr. Pratik (2015-03-01). "Review ofthermoelectricity to improve energy quality". 2 Issue 3 (March-2015). JETIR.
<a class="link" style="color:#276d9e;" href="www.metadata.com">
www.metadata.com</a></li>
<li class="sources">99 Firms, Linux Statistics (2022-18-2).
<a class="link" style="color:#276d9e;" href="https://99firms.com/blog/linux-statistics/#gref">
https://99firms.com/blog/linux-statistics/#gref </a></li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h1>Design</h1>
<article>
<h2>Procedure followed to design and construct the cooking Stove</h2>
<h2 class="floatright">Thermal design assumption of the cooking stove</h2>
<img src="images/thermal_design_table" class="floatright" height="250" alt="Thermal Design Assumption Table">
<ul class="test3">
<li class="sources">Test the performance of designs based on the experience of Zimbabwe
residents who cook inside of their dwellings without proper ventilation
and suffer from IAP.</li>
<li class="sources">One square meter of discarded sheet metal 1mm thick was used to create
several different units.</li>
<li class="sources">The metal sheet was marked using some chalk to create fold lines and cut
lines.</li>
<li class="sources">The marked shapes were cut using sheet metal snips. The shapes were
joining by folding the edges of the two-dimensional shapes to form threedimensional shapes.</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: Pop rivets were used for speed, but the shapes can all be assembled using folded tabs.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2> Design of Combustion Chamber: </h2>
<p>
The combustion chamber is designed in a
rectangular prism shape. In the combustion chamber fuel (wood pieces) are
combusted. It was observed that inner chamber became red hot. To reduce
the heat losses from inner chamber, a jacket of coarse sand and heat
resistance refractory material was added (Fire Clay). As shown in the figure
to the right.
</p>
</article>
<article>
<img src="images/stove_design.png" height="300" class="floatright2" alt="Stove Design">
<h2>The Clean Cooking System has two components:</h2>
<ol class="test3">
<li>Stove “Cooker” to burn fuel more efficiently and
reduce emitted smoke.</li>
<li>Chimney and hood, to eliminate fumes from
dwelling. The chimney is isolated from the roof
by a 2nd outer pipe. Nails are used to isolate the
chimney pipe from the insulating pipe and the roof.</li>
</ol>
</article>
<img src="images/example_patterns.png" height="200" class="mar" alt="Example Patterns">
<img src="images/stove_prototypes.png" height="200" class="mar" alt="Stove Picture">
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<h1>Hyopthesis and Testing Method</h1>
<section>
<h2>Procedure followed to design and construct the cooking Stove</h2>
<p>
Design a prototype unit, based on interviews with Zimbabwe residents who are affected by IAP.
</p>
<p>Test the:</p>
<ul class="test2">
<li>Alternative Hypothesis: A easy to construct, low-cost cooking system will significantly reduce IAP.</li>
<li>Null Hypothesis: A low-cost cooking system will not significantly reduce IAP.</li>
</ul>
<article>
<h2>Key Variables:</h2>
<ul class="test">
<li>Independent: Cooking method- Traditional hearth, Clean cooking system, Amount of fuel burned</li>
<li>Dependent: Cooking particulate residue (weight), Carbon Monoxide concentration, Temperature of
stove</li>
</ul>
</article>
<h2>Experimental Procedure</h2>
<ul class="test3">
<li>Burn constant amount of fuel using both cooking methods (Open fire vs IAP Reduction Unit) </li>
<li>Measure weight of particulate residue from the smoke collected by HEPA filter</li>
<li>Measure concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and heat at set time intervals.</li>
<li>Compare weight of fuel residue, CO concentrations and heat generated..</li>
<li>An infrared temperature thermometer at the different parts of the unit with respect to time</li>
<li>A simple chimney with filter paper is designed to measure the weight of carbon and particulates per
unit time. </li>
<li>A CO meter is used to measure the concentrations of CO present throughout the burning process</li>
<li>Determine if there a significant difference in IAP and combustion efficiency between the traditional
and IAP Reduction cooking system</li>
</ul>
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<h1>The Inexpensive IAP Reduction System</h1>
<p>
<img class="floatright" src="images/woman_cooking.png"
height="220" alt="Woman Cooking">
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 2.6 billion people
cook and heat using polluting open fires or simple stoves fuelled by kerosene,
biomass (wood, animal dung and crop waste) and coal (Air Pollution Data Portal,
n.d.). This generates high levels of health-damaging Indoor Air Pollution
(IAP), such as particulates, tar and carbon monoxide. Because women are
primarily responsible for cooking and raising young children, both are
disproportionately affected by IAP. For example, the World Health Report (2002)
states that in developing countries among the poor, Acute Respiratory Infection
(ARI) is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality (under 5) and is
responsible for up to 33% of all ARI cases. IAP also adversely affects Zimbabwe
because of the number of people who live in poor, rural regions. (Rural
Population (67% of Total Population…2020) - Zimbabwe | Data, n.d.).
</p>
<p>
A second problem caused by open or traditional heaths is the inefficient use of fuel. Past efforts to
reduce IAP have focused on efficient combustion but have not necessarily focused on thermal efficiency
of the overall cooking and heating process. As a result, a significant portion of the fuel's energy is lost,
leading to increased levels of deforestation. In parallel, people who are faced with the challenge of
indoor air pollution are from low-income communities which makes it very difficult for them to afford
expensive clean cooking stoves. Most of the existing solution focus only on reduction of Indoor Air
Pollution, but fall short on distribution the solution to billions of people who need it.
</p>
<p>
<img class="floatleft" src="images/traditional_stove.png"
height="200" alt="traditional stove">
Because of the above issues, the engineering goal of this experiment is to create pattern designs of creating an
affordable, simple, and efficient cooking system whose design is based on origami. Origami is the Japanese
technique of creating complex 3-dimensional objects from flat sheets of paper. All that is needed to make a well
known object such as a Crane, Cube or Lion is the pattern and a piece of paper. Likewise, the clean cooking
system's components will be fabricated from flat metal sheets using simple folds and cuts, enabling them to be
made worldwide without complex fabrication techniques. Additionally, if a component;s pattern is known, it can
produce it using locally available material and tools. This reduces or eliminates funding and production
bottlenecks that have limited the impact of prior efforts when attempting to produce and distribute billions of
units worldwide.
</p>
<p>
Since many regions that suffer from indoor air pollution also have electricity shortages, the practicality of using
the thermoelectric chips to generate electricity from the cooking stove's waste heat is evaluated. Its cost per watt
hour is compared to alternatives such as simple solar panels with local storage (batteries or super capacitors.)
</p>
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<h1>Results</h1>
<p>For the experimental results the IAP reduction cook stove was compared to an open traditional fire in terms of
temperature carbon monoxide concentration and weight of particulates and tar released.</p>
<section>
<h2 class="floatright">Equipment Used</h2>
<img class="floatright" src="images/equipment.png" height="150" alt="Equipment">
</section>
<img src="images/co_graph.png" height="300" alt="Carbon Monoxide vs. Time">
<img src="images/temp_vs_time.png" height="300" alt="Temperature vs. Time">
<img src="images/time_vs_voltage.png" height="320" alt="Time vs. Voltage">
<img src="images/tar_vs_time.png" height="320" alt="Particulates & Tar vs. Time">
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